Slides
Hands on
Exercises
What is the difference between
c(list(1:3), list(9))andlist(list(1:3), list(9))Is there any difference between these three ways of assignment?
The
dim()function gets the dimension of an object. Whydim(a)isNULL?Why
is.character(c('blue',10,'green',20))isTRUE?
R comes with a variety of datasets to work with (Similar to sysuse auto in Stata). You can see all the datasets available by typing library(help = "datasets").
- In a
tibblebound to the nametb, add a column namedxwith the vectorriversfrom the internaldatasets.
Understanding factors
From characters to factors
## Simple character vector
degree <- c("master", "master", "bachelor", "phd", "bachelor", "master")
degree[1] "master" "master" "bachelor" "phd" "bachelor" "master" class(degree)[1] "character"typeof(degree)[1] "character"attributes(degree)NULLsummary(degree) Length Class Mode
6 character character [1] "factor"typeof(degree_fc)[1] "integer"attributes(degree_fc)$levels
[1] "bachelor" "master" "phd"
$class
[1] "factor"summary(degree_fc)bachelor master phd
2 3 1 plot(degree_fc, col = "steelblue")
From integer to factors
[1] "integer"typeof(degree2)[1] "integer"attributes(degree2)NULLsummary(degree2) Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.6667 2.0000 3.0000 degree2_fc <- factor(degree2,
levels = c(1, 2, 3),
labels = c("bachelor", "master", "phd"))
class(degree2_fc)[1] "factor"typeof(degree2_fc)[1] "integer"attributes(degree2_fc)$levels
[1] "bachelor" "master" "phd"
$class
[1] "factor"summary(degree2_fc)bachelor master phd
2 0 1 plot(degree2)
plot(degree2_fc)
The beauty of classes
methods("summary") [1] summary.aov
[2] summary.aovlist*
[3] summary.aspell*
[4] summary.check_packages_in_dir*
[5] summary.connection
[6] summary.data.frame
[7] summary.Date
[8] summary.default
[9] summary.ecdf*
[10] summary.factor
[11] summary.glm
[12] summary.infl*
[13] summary.lm
[14] summary.loess*
[15] summary.manova
[16] summary.matrix
[17] summary.mlm*
[18] summary.nls*
[19] summary.packageStatus*
[20] summary.POSIXct
[21] summary.POSIXlt
[22] summary.ppr*
[23] summary.prcomp*
[24] summary.princomp*
[25] summary.proc_time
[26] summary.rlang:::list_of_conditions*
[27] summary.rlang_error*
[28] summary.rlang_message*
[29] summary.rlang_trace*
[30] summary.rlang_warning*
[31] summary.srcfile
[32] summary.srcref
[33] summary.stepfun
[34] summary.stl*
[35] summary.table
[36] summary.tukeysmooth*
[37] summary.vctrs_sclr*
[38] summary.vctrs_vctr*
[39] summary.warnings
see '?methods' for accessing help and source codemethods("print") [1] print.acf*
[2] print.AES*
[3] print.anova*
[4] print.aov*
[5] print.aovlist*
[6] print.ar*
[7] print.Arima*
[8] print.arima0*
[9] print.AsIs
[10] print.aspell*
[11] print.aspell_inspect_context*
[12] print.bibentry*
[13] print.Bibtex*
[14] print.browseVignettes*
[15] print.bslib_fragment*
[16] print.bslib_page*
[17] print.by
[18] print.cachem*
[19] print.changedFiles*
[20] print.check_bogus_return*
[21] print.check_code_usage_in_package*
[22] print.check_compiled_code*
[23] print.check_demo_index*
[24] print.check_depdef*
[25] print.check_details*
[26] print.check_details_changes*
[27] print.check_doi_db*
[28] print.check_dotInternal*
[29] print.check_make_vars*
[30] print.check_nonAPI_calls*
[31] print.check_package_code_assign_to_globalenv*
[32] print.check_package_code_attach*
[33] print.check_package_code_data_into_globalenv*
[34] print.check_package_code_startup_functions*
[35] print.check_package_code_syntax*
[36] print.check_package_code_unload_functions*
[37] print.check_package_compact_datasets*
[38] print.check_package_CRAN_incoming*
[39] print.check_package_datalist*
[40] print.check_package_datasets*
[41] print.check_package_depends*
[42] print.check_package_description*
[43] print.check_package_description_encoding*
[44] print.check_package_license*
[45] print.check_packages_in_dir*
[46] print.check_packages_used*
[47] print.check_po_files*
[48] print.check_pragmas*
[49] print.check_Rd_line_widths*
[50] print.check_Rd_metadata*
[51] print.check_Rd_xrefs*
[52] print.check_RegSym_calls*
[53] print.check_S3_methods_needing_delayed_registration*
[54] print.check_so_symbols*
[55] print.check_T_and_F*
[56] print.check_url_db*
[57] print.check_vignette_index*
[58] print.checkDocFiles*
[59] print.checkDocStyle*
[60] print.checkFF*
[61] print.checkRd*
[62] print.checkRdContents*
[63] print.checkReplaceFuns*
[64] print.checkS3methods*
[65] print.checkTnF*
[66] print.checkVignettes*
[67] print.citation*
[68] print.cli_ansi_html_style*
[69] print.cli_ansi_string*
[70] print.cli_ansi_style*
[71] print.cli_boxx*
[72] print.cli_diff_chr*
[73] print.cli_doc*
[74] print.cli_progress_demo*
[75] print.cli_rule*
[76] print.cli_sitrep*
[77] print.cli_spark*
[78] print.cli_spinner*
[79] print.cli_tree*
[80] print.codoc*
[81] print.codocClasses*
[82] print.codocData*
[83] print.colorConverter*
[84] print.compactPDF*
[85] print.condition
[86] print.connection
[87] print.CRAN_package_reverse_dependencies_and_views*
[88] print.css*
[89] print.data.frame
[90] print.Date
[91] print.default
[92] print.dendrogram*
[93] print.density*
[94] print.difftime
[95] print.dist*
[96] print.Dlist
[97] print.DLLInfo
[98] print.DLLInfoList
[99] print.DLLRegisteredRoutines
[100] print.document_context*
[101] print.document_position*
[102] print.document_range*
[103] print.document_selection*
[104] print.dummy_coef*
[105] print.dummy_coef_list*
[106] print.ecdf*
[107] print.eigen
[108] print.factanal*
[109] print.factor
[110] print.family*
[111] print.fileSnapshot*
[112] print.findLineNumResult*
[113] print.formula*
[114] print.fs_bytes*
[115] print.fs_path*
[116] print.fs_perms*
[117] print.fseq*
[118] print.ftable*
[119] print.function
[120] print.getAnywhere*
[121] print.glm*
[122] print.hclust*
[123] print.help_files_with_topic*
[124] print.hexmode
[125] print.HoltWinters*
[126] print.hsearch*
[127] print.hsearch_db*
[128] print.htest*
[129] print.html*
[130] print.html_dependency*
[131] print.htmltools.selector*
[132] print.htmltools.selector.list*
[133] print.infl*
[134] print.integrate*
[135] print.isoreg*
[136] print.json*
[137] print.key_missing*
[138] print.kmeans*
[139] print.knitr_kable*
[140] print.Latex*
[141] print.LaTeX*
[142] print.libraryIQR
[143] print.listof
[144] print.lm*
[145] print.loadings*
[146] print.loess*
[147] print.logLik*
[148] print.ls_str*
[149] print.medpolish*
[150] print.memoised*
[151] print.MethodsFunction*
[152] print.mtable*
[153] print.NativeRoutineList
[154] print.news_db*
[155] print.nls*
[156] print.noquote
[157] print.numeric_version
[158] print.object_size*
[159] print.octmode
[160] print.packageDescription*
[161] print.packageInfo
[162] print.packageIQR*
[163] print.packageStatus*
[164] print.pairwise.htest*
[165] print.person*
[166] print.POSIXct
[167] print.POSIXlt
[168] print.power.htest*
[169] print.ppr*
[170] print.prcomp*
[171] print.princomp*
[172] print.proc_time
[173] print.quosure*
[174] print.quosures*
[175] print.R6*
[176] print.R6ClassGenerator*
[177] print.raster*
[178] print.Rd*
[179] print.recordedplot*
[180] print.restart
[181] print.RGBcolorConverter*
[182] print.rlang:::list_of_conditions*
[183] print.rlang_box_done*
[184] print.rlang_box_splice*
[185] print.rlang_data_pronoun*
[186] print.rlang_dict*
[187] print.rlang_dyn_array*
[188] print.rlang_envs*
[189] print.rlang_error*
[190] print.rlang_fake_data_pronoun*
[191] print.rlang_lambda_function*
[192] print.rlang_message*
[193] print.rlang_trace*
[194] print.rlang_warning*
[195] print.rlang_zap*
[196] print.rle
[197] print.rlib_bytes*
[198] print.rlib_error_3_0*
[199] print.rlib_trace_3_0*
[200] print.roman*
[201] print.sass*
[202] print.sass_bundle*
[203] print.sass_layer*
[204] print.SavedPlots*
[205] print.scalar*
[206] print.sessionInfo*
[207] print.shiny.tag*
[208] print.shiny.tag.env*
[209] print.shiny.tag.list*
[210] print.shiny.tag.query*
[211] print.simple.list
[212] print.smooth.spline*
[213] print.socket*
[214] print.srcfile
[215] print.srcref
[216] print.stepfun*
[217] print.stl*
[218] print.StructTS*
[219] print.subdir_tests*
[220] print.summarize_CRAN_check_status*
[221] print.summary.aov*
[222] print.summary.aovlist*
[223] print.summary.ecdf*
[224] print.summary.glm*
[225] print.summary.lm*
[226] print.summary.loess*
[227] print.summary.manova*
[228] print.summary.nls*
[229] print.summary.packageStatus*
[230] print.summary.ppr*
[231] print.summary.prcomp*
[232] print.summary.princomp*
[233] print.summary.table
[234] print.summary.warnings
[235] print.summaryDefault
[236] print.table
[237] print.tables_aov*
[238] print.terms*
[239] print.ts*
[240] print.tskernel*
[241] print.TukeyHSD*
[242] print.tukeyline*
[243] print.tukeysmooth*
[244] print.undoc*
[245] print.vctrs_bytes*
[246] print.vctrs_sclr*
[247] print.vctrs_unspecified*
[248] print.vctrs_vctr*
[249] print.vignette*
[250] print.warnings
[251] print.xfun_raw_string*
[252] print.xfun_rename_seq*
[253] print.xfun_strict_list*
[254] print.xgettext*
[255] print.xngettext*
[256] print.xtabs*
see '?methods' for accessing help and source code